Legal Environment of Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Legal Environment of Business - Essay Example In the agreement, they had also agreed that the amount ordered was subject to market forces. From this, their evidence was admissible. Oral contracts are enforceable in law as noted by Morgan, Shedd and (Coley 790). They explain that oral contracts are valid and therefore legally binding. Morgan, Shedd and Coley (783) however, point that oral contracts are not enforceable in some jurisdiction like in the sale of land. Morgan, Shedd and Coley (798) assert that if a sale contract that lacks a delivery date is enforceable in law. In the case where a plaintiff brings a case against the defendant though the sale contract is enforceable in law, the plaintiff cannot be awarded damages since the other part of the contract was not written while it has to be enforced together. In the where goods were stolen at the merchant’s store, Amy bears the responsibility of loss of the goods since they had not transferred ownership of the goods to Tex but was holding in trust for Amy (Morgan, Shedd and Coley 893). Slacks, Inc is not liable for the defective tacks since the made a contract with the boutique to either sell them or return them. Failure to return the tanks means that the boutique is supposed to pay for them. Sandra is entitled to revoke her acceptance since on buying the Nissan, Rocky Mountain Nissian must be aware that in sale or return, the seller delivers the goods to buyer with the knowledge that the buyer can set aside the deal by returning the goods (Morgan, Shedd and Coley 893). In the contract Sandra can return the Nissan. Summer is liable since even cannot get transfer goods for they do not have ownership. Smith could recover since the boat must have been in that condition at sale at Stewart must have known of this

Deinstitutionalization Capstone Project Research Paper

Deinstitutionalization Capstone Project - Research Paper Example s that health behaviour is determined by one’s personal beliefs or perceptions regarding a disease or disorder and the available strategies one can access to prevent it. The four perceptions, namely: perceived seriousness, perceived susceptibility, perceived benefits and perceived barriers can be used to explain why a person behaves the way he does when it comes to health. All four perceptions affect an individual’s health and well-being so these must all be kept positive in order to achieve optimal health. Pedersen, P.B. and Kolstad, A., 2009, De-institutionalisation and trans- institutionalisation – changing trends of inpatient care in Norwegian mental health institutions 1950-2007, International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 3:28 This article chronicles trends in Norwegian mental health institutions from the 1950’s to the present that leads to current trends of deinstitutionalization and trans-institutionalization of inpatient care. It concludes wit h the observation that deinstitutionalization may mean fewer beds available in mental health facilities but not necessarily fewer patients treated since they are just transferred to other mental health services. It also identifies the factors behind deinstitutionalization in Norway as the expansion of welfare state; increased professional focus on active treatment and increased focus on patients’ preferences. Thompson, P., Lang, L. & Annells, M., 2008, A systematic review of the effectiveness of in-home community nurse led interventions for the mental health of older persons, Journal of Clinical Nursing Journal Compilation, Blackwell Publishing, Ltd. This article is a systematic review of the literature on in-home community nurse-led interventions for elderly adults with mental health issues. Main findings... Community care centers need to adopt a health promotion program to guide the health workers with a firm philosophy of health and wellness. A commonly used health promotion model is the Health Belief Model (HBM) which proposes that health behaviour is determined by one’s personal beliefs or perceptions regarding a disease or disorder and the available strategies one can access to prevent it.   Another good health promotion program is one by Ewles & Simnett (2005).   It   takes a holistic health care approach, taking into account all dimensions of a person’s development.   A study on how these two health promotion programs can be integrated to come up with the most appropriate program that would best suit elderly adults with mental illness would be interesting.a. Purpose statement for a Quantitative Study:   This study will compare the Health Belief Model (HBM) and the Holistic Health Care approach   as to its principles and features using a likert-scaled ques tionnaire to be distributed to nurse practitioners working in a hospital facility. It purports to determine the best features of each model and integrate it into one effective health promotion program.b. Purpose statement for a Qualitative Study:   The purpose of this study is to develop a sustainable community care health promotion program for the elderly with mental illness.   Input from families of residents in a psychiatric facility will be interviewed as to their preferences for their family members.

Opportunity Analysis For Precious Pets

Opportunity Analysis For Precious Pets In the society today, pets have been becoming an important family member in the families around the word. More and more people tend to treat their pets like a child rather than just a pet. And the pet care and pet food industry becomes popular. There is statistics suggesting that the pets population is ever increasing around the world developed countries. It is shown in the report that the 63% of households own pet in Australia, the pet ownership is 63% in the USA and 53% in the UK. With the increasing population of pet in these countries the pet industry is making a greater contribution to the economy of the countries (Contribution of pet economy to the Australian industry report, 2006a). So the work team is expecting a good prospect for their new project-the Precious Pet private club. The Precious Pet Private Club tends to supply the basic pet care, along with the pet and pet owner interactive sports, the pets restaurant and the pets-in hotel, of course a cafà © where the pet owner can get their stomach filled. The target of our business is to supply the pet and pet owner a common space to interact and enjoy a special holiday together. Content Table Content Table 3 1.0 Introduction 4 2.0 Opportunities in the pet industry 5 2.1 The trend of pets population in the developed countries. 5 2.2 The profit prospect in the pet industry 5 2.3 The pet owners attitude toward the pets 6 3.0 The major competitor analysis 6 4.0 The operation structure of the Precious Pets Private Club 7 4.1 The business model 7 4.2 The human resource for the Club 8 5.0 The SWOT analysis of Precious Pets Private Club 9 5.1 The Strength analysis 9 5.2 The weakness analysis 9 5.3 The opportunity analysis 10 5.4 The threats analysis 10 6.0 Conclusion 10 Reference 11 Further reading 12 1.0 Introduction It is clear through the statistics that the pet care industry is a big and increasing industry. More and more organizations tend to supply service for the pets. The pets-only product is even more expensive than the peoples. So there is a larger profit margin that than the usual product for people. Many food manufacturers engage into the industry and become the leaders, too. For example Nestle and Mars both take not bad market shares in the pet food industry. So it can be estimated that the pet industry is a new industry with a great potential. That is why the Precious Pet Private Club being chosen as the target project. The report will be composed of four parts-the pet industry opportunity analysis, the major competitor analysis and market environment research, the operation structure of Precious Pet Private Club, SWOT analysis of Precious Pet Private Club. The Pet industry analysis will present a clear demonstration of the opportunity in the industry. The analysis will decide if there is a potential for the Precious Pet Private Club to grasp a profit in the industry. If the opportunity to survive is to thin, the project ought to be given up. Then the market environment research will give hint where the major competitors are around the Precious Pets Private Club and leave the Precious Pets Private Club on the defending status. The operation structure decides how the organization will be run and the SWOT analysis will propose a clear understanding of the organization itself. 2.0 Opportunities in the pet industry 2.1 The trend of pets population in the developed countries. It is mentioned in the executive summary that the pets population is ever increasing, and the statistics will prove that. The statistics report pointed out that in the US the number of dogs per 100 people has increased. The number of dogs per 100 people in the US is 25 in 2005 and the number is 22 in 2001. While compared to the dog population increase in the US, the number in the UK and Australia was decreasing slightly since 2002. The situation with the cats population is similar. In the USA about 31 cats are kept in 100 households, and the number of cats per 100 people is only 28. (Contribution of pet economy to the Australian industry report, 2006b) 2.2 The profit prospect in the pet industry Since the Americans are likely to keep more pets, the pet industries contribution to the national economy can not be neglected. It is reported that the contribution of the pet industry to the USA economy is ever growing each year. The American Pet Products Association (APPA) announced that there were estimated 69.1 million pet owning households and they will contribute US$35.9 billion in the pet product expenditure. On the average it equates that every pet owning family will spent US$519 annually on their pets. (Contribution of pet economy to the Australian industry report, 2006c) 2.3 The pet owners attitude toward the pets The pet industry will make a remarkable contribution to the economy; it is still the pets owners contribution. How they spend money on their lovely pets is the way how we could provide service and make money of course. The families today tend to treat their pets like a child rather than a household-kept animal. A new survey in Australia has proved that concept of pet parent rather than a pet owner. The study can indicate that the people are sharing a close emotion bond with their loving pets. Most of them shows a responsible attitude, and they love their pets, would protect them and spent money for them. In this study 85% of pet owners treated their pet part of the family or just like a child and 57% interviewed pet owners take their pet their best friend. 21% of pet owners often/sometimes celebrate their pets birthday and 44% of pet owners give their pet presents for Christmas or other special occasions. Similar studies have been conducted in other countries with similar results, indicating that this is a worldwide trend.(Industry Trends for 2009) The statistics from the pet industry will suggest there are profitable room the industry enterers. The pet care industry has become a general service industry which is accepted by people and more types of services will appear to attract the profit. 3.0 The major competitor analysis The Precious Pet Private Club is a comprehensive pet care club, which consist of the popular pet restaurant and pet hotel. The new concept is the pet-owner interactive sports program. And the pet restaurant and pet hotels are not so new. So there is no doubt they would project a competitive challenge to our business. And the regular pet product retailing place such as the pet food store, and the super market and convenience store could attract the customer who would come to our pet restaurant. Then the pet beauty center is another major competitor. The pet beauty center is a pet service provider, too and will provide some pet products such as food, the pet only shampoo, clothes and so on. The business model contains the product retailing and pet service, similar to the comprehensive service provider, the Precious Pets Private Club. And the beauty service is the major profit source. And for the Precious Pets Private Club target to the upper level pet owner customers. The service provi ded will be packaged and sell to those who would like to build closer emotional bonds with their lovely pets. The business model will be explained in the operation structure part. The market environment research could bring back the information that around the Precious Pets Private Club there are 2 special pet product stores and 1 pet beauty service center. The supermarket or convenience stores are the traditional pet food and pet product retailers, too. 4.0 The operation structure of the Precious Pets Private Club 4.1 The business model The Precious Pets Private Club will consist of four major business categories. The basic pets care such as the pet beauty service will be supplied. The pet owners can get their pets washed and get dressed to match the happy mode of the pet owner and the pets in the short vacation. The pet owner sports programs could let the pet in when ever the pet owner want to do sports in the club. And some pet training could be a choice. Here the owner could train their pets to finish litter tricks and increase the interaction between the pets and the owner. The pet theme restaurants will put the focus on the pets self-service food supply. All kinds of major branded pet foods will be served and the pets can choose the food they like and would not be confined to the usual pet food at home. It is a special experience for the pets. If the pet owner can not tell which brand of pet food their pets prefer, just bring them to the pet self-service restaurant and let them decide. The fourth part is the p et-in hotel. The club tended to supply a good place to spend a day or even a weekend for the pets and their owners. And the pet-in hotel let the owner take their pets to the hotel together. The hotel could supply the bed where the pet and the owner could share or if the pet owner would like the pet to sleep alone, the hotel could also supply a single pet bed, a blanket, a basket or a pet room. The owner could keep their pet in the room they booked. At the very beginning the pet-in club would supply at most 10 rooms, because the room maintenance would be a little expensive. Except for the four major business categories, the club could accommodate some pets exhibition. And the service of the club will be provided to the club member only. To demonstrate the business structure clearly, the figure below could be referred. Precious Pets Private Club Pet-in hotel Pet self-service restaurant Interactive sports program Basic pet care 4.2 The human resource for the Club According to the business model the club needs to resemble the four service model together. Each business category will need a supervisor who is in charge of the product design for this business category, included in the expecting employee number for each sector. 3 pet care worker for the basic pet care center providing the necessary service including wash the pet and dress the pet. 2 workers for the interactive sports program, provide the guidance work to show the customer around the sports programs and fulfill some job schedule connected to other sections. The pet self-service restaurant will employ 4 employees to refill the food supply and tidy the restaurant. 2 employees will be hired for the hotel sector to maintain the hotel rooms and keep the room comfortable for a pet and owner staying together. 5.0 The SWOT analysis of Precious Pets Private Club The SWOT analysis is the process of analyzing organizations and their environments based on their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The analysis would include the environmental analysis and the organizational analysis. The environment analysis is the external factors analysis, which is the process of scanning the business environment for threats and opportunities. The organizational analysis is internal factors analysis, which is the process of analyzing a firms strengths and weaknesses (Weihrich, 1982). 5.1 The Strength analysis The comprehensive service model would be fresh for the pet owners. The target is to server the upper level pet owners who have a strong demand for establishing an emotional tie with their pets. So the target would decide all the programs in the club is special for interactive pet and pet owner. All the programs could be finished by the owner here. But all the necessary products are ready to use. The club is small and would supply total membership type consumption. The members could establish good relations and could stay with the club for a longer time. 5.2 The weakness analysis The products are still basic. Though the business categories have been defined and the comprehensive pet service club is new, the products of each category are still not attractive enough. The products need more development and innovation to attract the customer closely so they will come and stay with the club. 5.3 The opportunity analysis The expenditure on pet is increasing according to statistics, which can guaranty a stable pet expenditure market. People obviously to accept the new type of the pet service and the survey indicates a stable customer expense trend. 5.4 The threats analysis The big pet industry market could be affected by the economy downturn. Since 2009, the global financial crisis has shadowed the peoples lives. People tend to cut down expense. So the expenditure on pets will be cut down to an extent. It would influence our market strategy under such an economy environment. Many of our market strategies will gain little effects. 6.0 Conclusion The team selects the comprehensive pet service club and tends to push the service package to the market through the membership of club. The business is new and the target of the products is clear. But as the SWOT analysis has revealed, the product mix is too easy, and can be copied by other business. So the in-depth product development is very necessary. The service model could be innovative, too. All the target of the organization should be focused on a close emotional tie and interactions between the pet and pet owner, which should become the core competitiveness of the Precious Pets Private Club.

The Heresies of Thomas Hardy :: Biography Biographies Essays

The Heresies of Thomas Hardy       Thomas Hardy is widely recognized as a poet who went against the conventions of his contemporaries by calling religion into question. Hardy's writing style is so prone to allow random natural events to decide the course of his novels that he often seems to be asking why God, if he existed, would let such bad things happen to basically good people.    Another philosopher who expressed heretical views about conventional religion during Hardy's era was Auguste Comte, founder of positivism. In his writings on positivism, Comte "set forth a comprehensive theory of the historical development of human knowledge" (Mitchell 619). According to Comte, humanity has thus far moved through three phases: theological, metaphysical and positive. The positive stage, based on scientific reason, had been achieved about the time of the industrial revolution (Mitchell 619-620). "Comte and his followers rejected traditional religion, substituting a religion based entirely on historical and sociological principles" (Mitchell 620). Comte's central principle was the idea that the laws governing human thought and action are a subclass of the laws of nature (Mitchell 620).    Hardy seems to be able more readily to espouse this idea than traditional religion. For Hardy, traditional religion made no sense because there was no proof that God existed, only speculation (Hynes xviii). It seems more logical that if there is a set of laws governing nature, then there should be a set of laws governing how humans think and interact.    Hardy is not able to fully lend his writing to an idea of logical order, however; he seems to believe that often there is no controlling force, and that is why life can seem so cruel. In his novels, we see completely random actions, either of people or nature, which lead to the unhappiness or downfall of characters. In Far From the Madding Crowd Bathsheda sends the valentine to Boldwood merely on a whim (79); this single act, however, contributes to the downfall of the man, which also manifests itself in the random storm which destroys the ricks. In The Mayor of Casterbridge the wife selling (79) is brought about by Henchard's drunken anger; it is the random arrival of Farfrae, on his way to the new world, that eventually leads to the impulsive Henchard's downfall.

Is Routine Circumcision of Infants Ethical?

History of Circumcision: Reviewing the history of circumcision and the many misguided reasons for its practice will help form an understanding of the multifaceted issues concerning routine infant circumcision. Some of the earliest evidence of male circumcision comes from Egypt around the year 3000 BC. However, researchers studying this practice do not understand or agree on its purpose. Some researches believe that circumcision was a form of branding for slaves while others thought it to be from the priestly class as a form of religious ritual. But when is more pertinent to this argument is that the early Greeks and Romans outlawed male circumcision believing it to be a barbaric form of mutilation of male genitalia. The first documented purpose for circumcision is in the Old Testament Scriptures (Gen 17:10) concerning the covenant between Abraham and God, representative of the relationship between Israel and Yahweh. According to the governing doctrinal resource for Catholics worldwide, the Catechism of the Catholic Church, the explanation for Old Testament circumcision is in section 1150. 1150 – †¦Among these liturgical signs from the Old Covenant are circumcision, anointing and consecration of kings and priests, laying on of hands, sacrifices, and above all the Passover. The Church sees in these signs a prefiguring of the sacraments of the New Covenant. † The circumcision of Jesus in the New Testament explains that when Jesus came, as the fulfillment of prophecy that the new covenant manifested through th e innocent blood of Jesus replaces once and for all the old covenant through Father Abraham. There is no longer a need for animal sacrifices and the early Christian community determined that baptism was to be the new sign of the covenant. â€Å"527- Jesus' circumcision, on the eighth day after his birth, is the sign of his incorporation into Abraham's descendants, into the people of the covenant. It is the sign of his submission to the Law and his deputation to Israel's worship, in which he will participate throughout his life. This sign prefigures that â€Å"circumcision of Christ† which is Baptism. Routine infant circumcision in the United States became prevalent in the Victorian age (1840) and reached its height during the Cold War (1940) when technology, hospitals, and modern medicine sought to institutionalize the birthing process. Including more than 90% of boys, infant circumcisions became so routine that doctors performed the procedure without actually receiving consent from the parents. Parents not desiring the process for their sons were considered negligen t. Given the history and the misguided reasons for practicing routine circumcision, â€Å"Why would a parent authorize, a doctor perform, or an insurance company pay for, the routine circumcision of infants? † A. Health Reasons- certainly it would be ethical to surgically remove the penis foreskin of a male infant if in some way it presented a health risk; there is no real argument here. B. Tradition-for generations, infants have undergone various procedures under the reasoning of â€Å"tradition. From binding feet in Japan (which has been banned) to piercing ears, and stretching necks, tradition plays a large part in the decision for circumcision. Many men, who like their own fathers were circumcised as infants, think that their child in turn might as well be circumcised too. However, is there any real thinking going on here at all? I argue that just because everyone else jumps off a bridge, is that any reason for you to jump off as well. Religious Beliefs- I would have to say yes, it is ethical to have a child circumcised if you are following a true religious belief. The parent who has legal authority over their child may choose (and in fact is morally obligated to choose) to do what they believe is in the best interest of the child. Therefore, for the Jews who believe that the outward sign of circumcision establishes their child in a covenantal relationship with God; they are well within their ethical right and responsibility to have their sons circumcised. Freedom of religion is one of the building blocks of our free nation. Circumcision mentality: Today thanks in part to our mass media; modern society is ruled by prevailing mentalities. These pervasive mindsets allure us to what appears to be the benefits of circumcision, while completely obscuring any possible negative ramifications. The mentality is permeated into societal norms, which are almost impossible to resist, and are most difficult to correct. An accepted societal mentality is further driven by force of habit. Among other things, we live in a society that assumes that a male infant in the United States is routinely circumcised. Seldom are discussions of the pros and cons of the procedure brought to the attention of the parent, unless the parent specifically requests it. Even then, the doctor may say, â€Å"It is not medically necessary but if the boys father has been circumcised, then you should probably have your son circumcised as well†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦or â€Å"you wouldn’t want him to look different than his friends when he becomes a high school student in the locker room. † Medical Ethics: When looking into medical ethics, the Oath of Hippocrates standard for medical professionals since 400 BCE shed some additional light onto the situation. From the Oath: â€Å"I do solemnly swear by whatever I hold most sacred, that I will be loyal to the profession of medicine†¦that I will exercise my art, solely for the cure of my patients and the prevention of disease†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Therefore, considering the Hippocrates oath, a routine circumcision of an infant male does not fall into the category of â€Å"†¦curing a patient, and the preventing of disease†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Why then would doctors perform such an unnecessary procedure Catholic Theological Ethics: As a student of Theology, from a Roman Catholic perspective I have yet to hear a discussion concerning the morality of circumcision. However after researching the Catechism of the Catholic Church (CCC) under the subtitle â€Å"Mutilation of body parts† section 2297 reads, â€Å"Except when performed for strictly therapeutic medical reasons, directly intended amputations, mutilations, and sterilizations performed on innocent persons are against the moral law. † VI. Personal Ethics: Each parent possesses the God given right to make certain decisions on behalf of their young children who cannot make these decisions themselves. A good example is immunizations; no infant has the capability to make this decision, so the parent, in the child’s best interest makes the decision to have the child immunized. I am a mother of four sons, born in the years 1983, 1985, 1991 and 1992. Although the father of the boys was circumcised however, none of our boys is circumcised. To this day, none of them has ever had trouble of any kind, nor has it been an issue in the locker room. The decision to leave the boys as they were born, uncircumcised, was based on the fact that it was not a medical necessity, that anesthetic was not used (they had just been traumatized in birth), and that there was a possibility of complications from the procedure. Parents need to take a more proactive stance in researching the pros and cons of the procedure, and should spend at least as much time and energy on this decision as they do in picking out a new car! VII. Objective – If the objective of the National Organization of Circumcision of Infants Resource Center is to reduce the number of routine circumcisions performed, I believe that to pursue this objective through legal channels alone would be fruitless. Big government has more than enough authority in dictating to families what they can and cannot do for their children. Your best bet would be to lobby the insurance companies. Perhaps you could demand coverage for an elective surgical procedure such as having your breasts enlarged and when they tell you no that it is just a cosmetic or optional procedure, sue them for discriminatory practices. The last thing an insurance company wants is a class action lawsuit. It would be simple for them to simply take routine infant circumcisions off their list of covered procedures. In addition, a non-covered expense for an unnecessary procedure may prompt parents to give this issue closer consideration. D. Moral Law: Next, one must consider which law is the governing authority in your life. The Moral Law operates under a set of religious beliefs. Found within the moral law are the Jewish Law, and the Christian Law (for the sake of brevity we will not mention other religious groups here). The Jewish Law of Circumcision establishes a covenant between God and Abraham (Gen 17:10), representative of Yahweh and Israel. The Christian Law comes into effect with the birth of Jesus. Jesus becomes the new sign of the covenant, with the Baptism of infants as the effective cause. Concerning Civil Law under which all persons are bound; it has little criteria for establishing ethical arguments. One may ask questions of the law: if allowing an un-anaesthetized circumcision is lawful, and what recourse would a child have if the procedure causes permanent damage to the male organ but these are considered civil, not ethical. Additionally, why would an insurance company pay for such an unnecessary procedure (when so many don’t pay for many true necessities)? Perhaps it should be regarded as â€Å"elective surgery† and therefore it would be a charge paid for entirely by the parent requesting the procedure, not as an â€Å"ordinary and customary† procedure paid for by the insurance companies. However, the Hebrew people alone practiced the circumcision of infants on the 8th day after birth. The child’s father, using a flint knife, preformed circumcision

Icts

The purpose of this assignment Students who successfully complete this assignment will be able to present critical arguments around ICTs for development projects and demonstrate their capabilities related to engaging with textual and numerical data to present information in a presentation format. Locate any project where ICTs were applied in contexts such as those described in this chapter, in your local community, own city, province or country, or elsewhere in the world and/or that you have been involved with. Ensure that you identify the following aspects in your case study: 1.Title of the project 2. Website address(es) that provide information about the project 3. Introduction & Background, including details on the project o Rationale (what was the reason for the project/why was it needed? ) o Start date, duration (this far) and status (ongoing, completed, etc. ) 4. A description of the project, including details on o The ICT4D solutions that was used in the project o The strength s and weaknesses of the project 5. You could also add things like o Major partners o Major stakeholders Who initiated the process? o Who were the target beneficiaries? o Who were the service providers? o How did the initiative work? o Was there a local champion (some-one from the local community who represented the interests of that community)? Create a PowerPoint presentation of no more than 8 slides that provide the information as detailed above. Submit your presentation via the Dropbox facility. |Assessment rubric for Assignment 9 | |0 |Nothing submitted 0% | |1 |One or more, but NOT all, of the required aspects have been addressed |10% | |2 | |20% | |3 | |30% | |4 | |40% | |5 |All required aspects have been addressed |50% | |6 |Additional aspects added and/or |65% | |7 |A project from the student's local community, own city, province or country and/or that the student was involved | | |8 |with is presented | |

buy custom Parent with an APD Child essay

buy custom Parent with an APD Child essay The parent is recommended to acquire a visual attention program which will help the child to sharpen his vision. The family members should be informed about the condition in order for them to fully help that particular child. A parent is also advised to remove all background noises which may hinder proper communication. Background noise will always compete with the necessary information that the child needs to grasp therefore it will be difficult for such a child to figure out the important information being conveyed. Its important to speak to the child when you are close to her and avoid unnecessary movements when passing information because such distractions makes the attention of the child to shift to other things that may not be important. Also movements have a tendency to change the voice making communication harder. The child may have an easy time if they dont have to compensate for the lost words as a result of tone and voice variation. Therefore a parent should avoid increasing the volume of the voice because it will not yield any results. Therefore a parent is advised to speak in a consistent voice for clear perception of that information. The statements that should be spoken to the child should be brief, simple and not complex because people with auditory processing disorder have difficulties in grasping long and complex statements. In case a parent is teaching the child its important that the word is repeated severally for the child to master it before moving to another word. This is essential because many words spoken at the same time cause confusion and they may also make the auditory processing system in the brain to shut down (Roeser, Valente and Hosford-Dunn, 2000). A parent should learn to repeat whatever word they have spoken but after some time to give allowance for proper processing of the spoken word. Procession of words becomes a problem if the speaker keeps speaking without any break. A parent can also train the child to cue the speaker before and after speaking. In most cases the child may only process two words in the first statement therefore a parent need to understand that effective communication can only happen through consistent repetition of that particular statement. One of the thumb rules that can be of great use is to give a child about a minute before repeating the same statement because by then you will be knowing if whatever you said was understood or not. Its important for a parent to look keenly and notice the people that the child understands better. This is important because the people that the child has issues with understanding may need to make some changes for instance tone variation (National Institute on Deafness an d Other Communication Disorders, 2001). Communication can also be improved by employing non verbal communication for instance the usage of pictures may yield some good results. A parent can also combine spoken words with sign language because this will help a child to have a picture of whatever is being spoken. Phonics skills can be taught to a child by employing visual flashcards. In this case a parent is advised to start with the simplest sound moving upwards. This process may be very beneficial because the brain of the child can start to learn how to process speech. This system is very important to children that may fail to acquire or learn sign language because of the irritation that comes as a result of focusing on movements. Teachers can also be of great importance for instance they should ensure such a child usually sits at the front. The teacher can also ensure that he stands at a place where the child is in a position to see his mouth and face as he speaks. Auditory Processing Disorder is not easily diagnosed and treated therefore its important to develop the strategies which help to boost your speech procession if you realize that you have the problem (Foli and Hallowell, 2003). Buy custom Parent with an APD Child essay

Figure of Sound in Prose and Poetry

Figure of Sound in Prose and Poetry A figure of speech that relies primarily on the sound of a word or phrase (or the repetition of sounds) to convey a particular effect is known as a figure of sound. Although figures of sound are often found in poetry, they can also be used effectively in prose. Common figures of sound include alliteration, assonance, consonance, onomatopoeia, and rhyme. Examples and Observations: AlliterationA moist young moon hung above the mist of a neighboring meadow.(Vladimir Nabokov, Speak Memory: An Autobiography Revisited, 1966)AssonanceShips at a distance have every mans wish on board. For some they come in with the tide. For others they sail forever on the same horizon, never out of sight, never landing until the Watcher turns his eyes away in resignation, his dreams mocked to death by Time. That is the life of men.(Zora Neale Hurston, Their Eyes Were Watching God, 1937)ConsonanceThis earth is tough stuff, he said. Break a mans back, break a plow, break an oxs back for that matter.(David Anthony Durham, Gabriels Story. Doubleday, 2001)OnomatopoeiaFlora left Franklin’s side and went to the one-armed bandits spread along one whole side of the room. From where she stood it looked like a forest of arms yanking down levers. There was a continuous clack, clack, clack of levers, then a click, click, click of tumblers coming up. Following this was a metallic poof some times followed by the clatter of silver dollars coming down through the funnel to land with a happy smash in the coin receptacle at the bottom of the machine.(Rod Serling, The Fever. Stories From the Twilight Zone, 2013) RhymeA veritable fusillade of smells, compounded of the pungent odors of deep fat, sharks fin, sandalwood, and open drains, now bombarded our nostrils and we found ourselves in the thriving hamlet of Chinwangtao. Every sort of object imaginable was being offered by street hawkersbasketwork, noodles, poodles, hardware, leeches, breeches, peaches, watermelon seeds, roots, boots, flutes, coats, shoats, stoats, even early vintage phonograph records.(S.J. Perelman, Westward Ha! 1948)Figures of Sound in Poes ProseDuring the whole of a dull, dark, and soundless day in the autumn of the year, when the clouds hung oppressively low in the heavens, I had been passing alone, on horseback, through a singularly dreary tract of country, and at length found myself, as the shades of evening drew on, within view of the melancholy House of Usher.(Edgar Allan Poe, The Fall of the House of Usher, 1839)Figures of Sound in Dylan Thomass ProseThere was no need, that holiday morning, for the sluggardly boys to be shouted down to breakfast; out of their jumbled beds they tumbled, and scrambled into their rumpled clothes; quickly at the bathroom basin they catlicked their hands and faces, but never forgot to run the water loud and long as though they washed like colliers; in front of the cracked looking-glass, bordered with cigarette cards, in their treasure-trove bedrooms, they whisked a gap-tooth comb through their surly hair; and with shining cheeks and noses and tidemarked necks, they took the stairs three at a time.But for all their scramble and scamper, clamour on the landing, catlick and toothbrush flick, hair-whisk and stair-jump, their sisters were always there before them. Up with the lady lark, they had prinked and frizzed and hot-ironed; and smug in their blossoming dresses, ribboned for the sun, in gym-shoes white as the blancod snow, neat and silly with doilies and tomatoes they helped in the higgledy kitchen. They were calm; they were virtuous; they had washed their necks; they did not romp, or fidget; and only the smallest sister put out her tongue at the noisy boys.(Dylan Thomas, Holiday Memory, 1946. Rpt. in The Collected Stories. New Directions, 1984) Figures of Sound in John Updikes Prose- Do you remember a fragrance girls acquire in autumn? As you walk beside them after school, they tighten their arms about their books and bend their heads forward to give a more flattering attention to your words, and in the little intimate area thus formed, carved into the clear air by an implicit crescent, there is a complex fragrance woven of tobacco, powder, lipstick, rinsed hair, and that perhaps imaginary and certainly elusive scent that wool, whether in the lapels of a jacket or the nap of a sweater, seems to yield when the cloudless fall sky like the blue bell of a vacuum lifts toward itself the glad exhalations of all things. This fragrance, so faint and flirtatious on those afternoon walks through the dry leaves, would be banked a thousandfold and lie heavy as the perfume of a flower shop on the dark slope of the stadium when, Friday nights, we played football in the city.(John Updike, In Football Season. The New Yorker, November 10, 1 962)- By rhyming, language calls attention to its own mechanical nature and relieves the represented reality of seriousness. In this sense, rhyme and allied irregularities like alliteration and assonance assert a magical control over things and constitute a spell. When children, in speaking, accidentally rhyme, they laugh, and add, Im a poet / And dont know it, as if to avert the consequences of a stumble into the supernatural. . . .Our mode is realism, realistic is synonymous with prosaic, and the prose writers duty is to suppress not only rhyme but any verbal accident that would mar the textual correspondence to the massive, onflowing impersonality that has supplanted the chiming heavens of the saint.(John Updike, Rhyming Max. Assorted Prose. Alfred A. Knopf, 1965) Poetic Functions of Language[English poet] Gerard Manley Hopkins, an outstanding searcher in the science of poetic language, defined verse as speech wholly or partially repeating the same figure of sound. Hopkins subsequent question, but is all verse poetry? can be definitely answered as soon as the poetic function ceases to be arbitrarily confined to the domain of poetry. Mnemonic lines cited by Hopkins (like Thirty days hath September), modern advertising jingles, and versified medieval laws, mentioned by Lotz, or finally Sanskrit scientific treatises in verse which in Indic tradition are strictly distinguished from true poetry (kavya)all these metrical texts make use of the poetic function without, however, assigning to this function the coercing, determining role it carries in poetry.(Roman Jakobson, Language in Literature. Harvard University Press, 1987)Word Play and Sound Play in a Poem by E.E. Cummingsapplaws)fellowsitisnts(a paw s(E.E. Cummings, Poem 26 in 1 X 1, 1944) The False Dichotomy Between Sound and SenseIn plain expository prose, such as this book is written in, says [literary critic G.S. Fraser], both writer and reader are consciously concerned not mainly with rhythm but with sense. This is a false dichotomy. The sounds of a poem connected by rhythm are indeed the living body of thought. Take the sound as poetry and there is no further stage of interpretation into poetry. Just the same is true of periodic prose: the rhythm of the period organizes sound into a unit of sense.My criticism of the logical tradition in grammar is just that stress, pitch, attitude, emotion are not suprasegmental matters added to the basic logic or syntax but other glimpses of a linguistic whole which includes grammar as usually understood. . . . I accept the now unfashionable view of all the old grammarians that prosody is a necessary part of grammar. . . .Figures of thought like understatement or emphasis are no more and no less expressed in sound than anything else.(Ian Robinson, The Establishment of Modern English Prose in the Reformation and the Enlightenment. Cambridge University Press, 1998) Figures of Sound in 16th-Century Prose- Suspicion that an inordinate attraction to figures of sound was likely to tyrannise a writers style, that the claims of the ear threatened to dominate those of the mind, has always dogged analysis of Tudor prose, especially in the case of [John] Lyly. Francis Bacon indicted [Roger] Ascham and his followers for precisely this failing: for men began to hunt more after words than matter; more after the choiceness of the phrase, and the round and clean composition of the sentence, and the sweet falling of the clauses, and the varying and illustration of their works with tropes and figures, than after the weight of the matter, worth of subject, soundness of argument, life of invention, or depth of judgment [The Advancement of Learning].(Russ McDonald, Compar or Parison: Measure for Measure. Renaissance Figures of Speech, ed. by Sylvia Adamson, Gavin Alexander, and Katrin Ettenhuber. Cambridge University Press, 2007)- Shall my good will be the cause of his ill will? Because I was content to be his friend, thought he me meet to be made his fool? I see now that as the fish scolopidus in the flood Araris at the waxing of the moon is as white as the driven snow, and at the waning as black as the burnt coal, so Euphues, which at the first increasing of our familiarity was very zealous, is now at the last cast become most faithless.(John Lyly, Euphues: the Anatomy of Wit, 1578) See also: 10 Titillating Types of Sound Effects in LanguageEuphonyEuphuismExercise in Identifying Sound Effects in Poetry and ProseFigures of SpeechHomoioteleutonHomophonesOronymProsodyReduplicativeRhythmSound Symbolism

A Beautiful Mind

A Beautiful Mind Review If you ever wondered and wanted to experience how a person with schizophrenia thinks and acts, A Beautiful Mind is the perfect example. The movie tells the life story of John Nash. You get a point of view of a real person who struggles with schizophrenia in their everyday life. In this movie the phototype of schizophrenia is described as a person who lives their life thinking and believing that theres an actual living person or people they talk to, but in reality its Just delusions and hallucinations they are experiencing. They are the only ones who can see or hear them. Essentially, it is in their heads. Hallucinations may include things a person sees, hears, smells, or feels, that no one else can. Delusions are often false beliefs such as being followed or watched. The movie starts off in Nashs early years at Princeton, where he is not yet aware of he has schizophrenia. After Princeton, Nash married Alicia. When Alicia becomes pregnant with their child, Alicia notices that John is working late and at odd times and is becoming very paranoid. Alicia becomes concerned about him but John only shuts her out. This is when John Nashs world turned upside down. He believed he was secretly working for the government, decoding Russian codes. He comes to realize that the codes in the newspapers, the government spies, and the car chases were all delusions. Later in the movie Nash also learns that his old roommate was Just a hallucination as well. Princeton had no record of his friend Charles. After discovering that he had schizophrenia, Nash struggled with getting better. There were times where he would take his medication faithfully and times where he wouldnt. Alicia showed her love and dedication to her husband by staying with him and helping him through this struggle when both of their realities turned upside down. Thanks to the help of his wife and his friends Nash was able to return to his work. In 1994 John Nash was awarded the Nobel Prize for his work on game theory. I think that A Beautiful Mind was an amazing movie showing his story of how he coped with his schizophrenia. A Beautiful Mind By logelaJ

The role of the technology in facilities management Case Study

The role of the technology in facilities management - Case Study Example , maintenance and operations plans, corporate facilities processes, space inventories, real estate, projects through construction, renovation and design, equipment and furniture inventories. Facilities management is a critical interdisciplinary field in the modern business world which encompasses the coordination of people, space, organization and infrastructure especially in association with the administration of hospitals, hotels, convention centres, office blocks, schools, arenas, shopping complexes etc. Facilities management is used to facilitate a wide number of activities in business and is slowly emerging as a core function within a business from being a supporting function in businesses. There are eleven key competencies associated with facilities management which is applicable in the facilities management processes, irrespective of in which sector the facilities management is applied. These core competencies include emergency preparedness, communication, finance, strategy an d leadership, property management, real estate, business continuity, environmental stewardship, human factors, maintenance and operations, quality, property management, sustainability, project management and technology. This case study deals with the technology factor in facilities management with respect to the role of technology in facilities management in the hospitality and other relevant tourism sectors across the world. The information technology support provided to the facilities management in an organization can significantly improve the functioning of facilities management in an organization as a main supporting services. However, with the integration of new technologies, facilities management is evolving as a main business function and is ceasing to be a supporting service in any organization, especially in the capital intensive industries like construction, manufacturing, hotel industries etc. Technology is highly needed in facilities management. The main function of the

Managing teams effectively Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Managing teams effectively - Essay Example Hence, team leadership essentially involves the talent and the ability to deal with all forms of members in a team, be it the slackers or an obstructionist. As per the existing knowledge and theories of team management, the best way to deal with a slacker or an obstructionist is to follow a mixed approach, which aims at confronting the inherent propensities of such people, to bring them out into the open, while accompanied by soft tactics like acknowledging one’s best qualities and by motivating one to contribute to team effort (Holpp, 1998). Such a hot and cold approach towards the personality types under consideration is bound to yield the desired results, because of its moderation and versatility (Holpp, 1998). A slacker shirks responsibility or work does not mean that one is devoid of talent, skills, insight or aptitude. So, simply speaking, a slacker stands to be a potential asset for a team if somehow one figures out a way to make one work (Holpp, 1988). Usually a slacker tends to avoid or by pass responsibility because one has a perception that the other team members are not consciously aware of one’s tactics of or predilection for doing so (Holpp, 1998). So the most effective way to disarm a slacker is to confront one and make one realize that the others are well cognizant of one’s talent for shirking work. However, confrontation here does not connote to aggressive or brazen interactions. In fact it means making a slacker realize that in a friendly and decent way, while giving one a chance to save face. A slacker is a talented person who cheats on work, and once one realizes that others are well aware of one’s propensity to cheat, one will certainly avoid repeatin g such a behavior, at least conspicuously (Holpp, 1998). Bringing things out into the open should be accompanied by meaningful soft strategies like defining the job responsibility of a slacker, appreciating one for one’s abilities and the immense

Architectural Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Architectural Design - Essay Example I visited the best seven-star hotel, and a series of 200 fabricated islands in the shape of the countries of the world, or climb the world’s tallest building that were captivating and had the best machines that could be used by man to satisfy one best lifestyle. Amidst all this modernity, as you head from a swim in the sea or a business meeting to designer boutiques, a round of golf or a top teppanyaki restaurant, the age-old souks still attract those who like to haggle. Yet only a few kilometers into the magnificent desert there are still camels roaming free that have been the ship of the desert. There is a vibrant and cosmopolitan air about Dubai, for instance the way the traditional abrasions boats carry a kaleidoscope of tourists side by side with sari-wrapped Indians and locals sporting spotless dish dash. Outside of Dubai life is more traditional and moves at a slightly slower pace.   As you explore the barren beauty of the mountains, or go about the UAE’s East coast beaches, you will find  people friendly and willing to chat, even when lacking a common language. A visit to Dubai made me discover the varying culture in the emirates and the rule that abide them all as one family and community. Visitors to Dubai may be in for a bit of a culture shock. As well as meeting residents from every corner of the earth, you will mingle with traditionally dressed Gulf Arabs in their dishdashas and Abayas. There is also the sound of the mosques at prayer time, Arabic chatter in coffee shops, the sweet smell of Arabian shisha (hubbly bubbly pipes), the beautiful intricate writing. It is all part of everyday Dubai culture. The Dubai people have been very kind since time in memorial. The culture is adorable and through observations, I noted some of the ideas that made me feel impressed Emirati life is very much geared around families, with marriage and children being the bedrock of society.  Hospitality plays a key role in Dubai culture, especially to strangers or newcomers, although older and more of the traditional Dubai citizens may be more reserved.  Do not be surprised if you are invited to join an Emirati family for refreshment, and when carpet or jewellery shopping in particular, your tea will arrive almost before you do.  It is polite to accept Dubai tradition like this graciously. This was one good experience that I had not heard or seen off. I found it difficult to cope with the situation as some of the activities had been prohibited such as drinking and smoking that made my life difficult. Islam is inextricably intertwined with the very fabric of UAE society. Muslims see the Qur’an literally as the word of God, and it issues very specific moral guidelines, dealing with all issues of daily living. For this reason, the book itself is strongly revered, and must be respectfully treated. Although the most open of Arab societies in its culture, the Muslim tradition in Dubai is no different as it is a way of livin g. Ramadan, the holy month for Muslims, is marked by prayer, fasting, and charity. As an Islamic country, Dubai culture is no different and many restaurants and cafes close during daylight hours. Non-Muslims should not eat, drink or smoke in public, but do so only in private or at specially closed off hotel restaurants. I found it genuine that the Arabs in United Arabs Emirates found it easy to cope with the life and act as staunch Muslim religion. With abovementioned trends as

Metanoia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Metanoia - Essay Example The notion â€Å"metanoia† literally means â€Å"change of mind† (Branch 55) and most widely is presented in the way that a person has a certain way of thinking and consideration of the phenomenon of the world and then something changes the way of thinking for good. This notion mostly concerns religious change of thinking. From the very beginning of a person’s religious path some acts can be called metanoic, for instance, it can be conversion into religion from atheistic point of view, or from another religion. The point is that metanoia requires a person to change one’s way of life according to the new understanding the person acquired from the act of metanoia (Clarkson 225). It is very important to divide different types of the notion â€Å"mind† considering metanoia. Dealing with spiritual realm we find that mind has certain gradation which is following. â€Å"Mind† as both intelligence and consciousness don’t really deal with metan oia in religious aspect. But â€Å"Mind† as spiritual intelligence (SQ) means the need of every human being to feel this life as something filled with meaning and spiritual power that rule everything (Powell n.pag.) and this kind of mind actually changes through the metanoic process. This means that metanoia works in changing of spirit which makes it totally existential even though some researches try to describe it as ethical process when a person realizes that one’s previous way of life was in some way unethical and decides to change it into a decent one (Friesen and Guhr 724). The difference between ethical and existential change (metanoic one) can be described through the famous biblical example from the Gospel of St. Mark, 10: 17-27. When a rich guy came to Jesus asking how he can reach the salvation, Jesus answered him that firstly he had to follow the God’s commandments and secondly he had to sell all his

The influence of central banks' interventions on the level and Essay

The influence of central banks' interventions on the level and volatility of foreign exchange rate - Essay Example Furthermore, in a number of nations the central bank is essentially responsible for determination of the foreign exchange rate. The exchange rate volatility took prominent shape since the collapse of the Bretton Wood fixed exchange rate system (Galati and Melick, 2002). Since exchange rate plays an important role in supporting international trade, its volatility is seen as a hindrance. Therefore, central banks often make strong effort for minimising the volatility or it’s after effect on business. However, there are several analyses which suggest that central bank’s intervention tend to increase volatility of foreign exchange market while the bank tends to witness losses while managing the volatility. The paper assesses the impact of the central bank intervention on volatility of exchange rate. Meanwhile, various relevant factors such as types of exchange rate systems, potential scope of resource wastage and intended and unwanted impact of intervention policies have been discussed briefly. The foreign exchange market is the prevalent financial market across the globe. Foreign exchange trading is referred to transacting of one currency in exchange of others. Trading of currencies generally takes place in the form of bank transfers and bank deposit. Except for tourism and physical purchases, physical transfer and exchange of currencies rarely happens. The exchange rate system is an imperative characteristic of foreign exchange market and that of the global economic policy. Based on conventional models, exchange rate system can be classified as fixed exchange rate and floating exchange rate. Fixed exchange rate, which is also known as pegged exchange rate, is referred to the arrangement of price determination where rate of one currency (national currency) with respect to other foreign currencies is kept fixed by means of government intervention. Fixed exchange rate has been considered favourable when two or more countries experience similar

Architectural Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Architectural Design - Essay Example I visited the best seven-star hotel, and a series of 200 fabricated islands in the shape of the countries of the world, or climb the world’s tallest building that were captivating and had the best machines that could be used by man to satisfy one best lifestyle. Amidst all this modernity, as you head from a swim in the sea or a business meeting to designer boutiques, a round of golf or a top teppanyaki restaurant, the age-old souks still attract those who like to haggle. Yet only a few kilometers into the magnificent desert there are still camels roaming free that have been the ship of the desert. There is a vibrant and cosmopolitan air about Dubai, for instance the way the traditional abrasions boats carry a kaleidoscope of tourists side by side with sari-wrapped Indians and locals sporting spotless dish dash. Outside of Dubai life is more traditional and moves at a slightly slower pace.   As you explore the barren beauty of the mountains, or go about the UAE’s East coast beaches, you will find  people friendly and willing to chat, even when lacking a common language. A visit to Dubai made me discover the varying culture in the emirates and the rule that abide them all as one family and community. Visitors to Dubai may be in for a bit of a culture shock. As well as meeting residents from every corner of the earth, you will mingle with traditionally dressed Gulf Arabs in their dishdashas and Abayas. There is also the sound of the mosques at prayer time, Arabic chatter in coffee shops, the sweet smell of Arabian shisha (hubbly bubbly pipes), the beautiful intricate writing. It is all part of everyday Dubai culture. The Dubai people have been very kind since time in memorial. The culture is adorable and through observations, I noted some of the ideas that made me feel impressed Emirati life is very much geared around families, with marriage and children being the bedrock of society.  Hospitality plays a key role in Dubai culture, especially to strangers or newcomers, although older and more of the traditional Dubai citizens may be more reserved.  Do not be surprised if you are invited to join an Emirati family for refreshment, and when carpet or jewellery shopping in particular, your tea will arrive almost before you do.  It is polite to accept Dubai tradition like this graciously. This was one good experience that I had not heard or seen off. I found it difficult to cope with the situation as some of the activities had been prohibited such as drinking and smoking that made my life difficult. Islam is inextricably intertwined with the very fabric of UAE society. Muslims see the Qur’an literally as the word of God, and it issues very specific moral guidelines, dealing with all issues of daily living. For this reason, the book itself is strongly revered, and must be respectfully treated. Although the most open of Arab societies in its culture, the Muslim tradition in Dubai is no different as it is a way of livin g. Ramadan, the holy month for Muslims, is marked by prayer, fasting, and charity. As an Islamic country, Dubai culture is no different and many restaurants and cafes close during daylight hours. Non-Muslims should not eat, drink or smoke in public, but do so only in private or at specially closed off hotel restaurants. I found it genuine that the Arabs in United Arabs Emirates found it easy to cope with the life and act as staunch Muslim religion. With abovementioned trends as

The influence of central banks' interventions on the level and Essay

The influence of central banks' interventions on the level and volatility of foreign exchange rate - Essay Example Furthermore, in a number of nations the central bank is essentially responsible for determination of the foreign exchange rate. The exchange rate volatility took prominent shape since the collapse of the Bretton Wood fixed exchange rate system (Galati and Melick, 2002). Since exchange rate plays an important role in supporting international trade, its volatility is seen as a hindrance. Therefore, central banks often make strong effort for minimising the volatility or it’s after effect on business. However, there are several analyses which suggest that central bank’s intervention tend to increase volatility of foreign exchange market while the bank tends to witness losses while managing the volatility. The paper assesses the impact of the central bank intervention on volatility of exchange rate. Meanwhile, various relevant factors such as types of exchange rate systems, potential scope of resource wastage and intended and unwanted impact of intervention policies have been discussed briefly. The foreign exchange market is the prevalent financial market across the globe. Foreign exchange trading is referred to transacting of one currency in exchange of others. Trading of currencies generally takes place in the form of bank transfers and bank deposit. Except for tourism and physical purchases, physical transfer and exchange of currencies rarely happens. The exchange rate system is an imperative characteristic of foreign exchange market and that of the global economic policy. Based on conventional models, exchange rate system can be classified as fixed exchange rate and floating exchange rate. Fixed exchange rate, which is also known as pegged exchange rate, is referred to the arrangement of price determination where rate of one currency (national currency) with respect to other foreign currencies is kept fixed by means of government intervention. Fixed exchange rate has been considered favourable when two or more countries experience similar

Holden Caulfield from The Catcher in The Rye Essay Example for Free

Holden Caulfield from The Catcher in The Rye Essay The Catcher in the Rye the reader can see the world through his eyes as he is the one narrating the story in first person. Holden is a young teenager, the age of sixteen who is emotionally disturbed and confused boy who is entering the journey of adulthood. Holden is a typical teenager who is rather irritated and disgusted by the society that surrounds him. To me he comes across as a witty individual because of the way he makes fun of, as he likes to call it the phony people in society he comes across with in the novel. He is from a family formed of two parents who seem to be quite wealthy, as they live in an expensive part of New York most people have to be wealthy to live in New York. Holden also was two bothers, D.B. and Allie, Allie whom is dead at the age of thirteen and he has a younger sister Phoebe. During the novel we discover that Holden is rather depressed young man because of his past, with the death of his brother and the failings of his grades in the recent schools he has attended to, he has become unhappy which leads him to have a breakdown. It seems that Holden is very dissatisfied with life and has never had any help during his time of confusion so I figure he is rather week and in some parts of the novel he feels like committing suicide. Holden has a huge sense of moral values, which often seems to interfere with other peoples loss of values. Because of other peoples values he gets frustrated and thinks people are phony. Holden seems to be a rather mean person as you read his feelings and how he feels towards people but it is only what he thinks. When Holden does something wrong he feels really guilty about his behavior and it often eats him up inside. Like the time when he went out with Sally Hayes and he calls her a pain in the ass when she refuses to run away with him, after he feels really guilty and can barely stop thinking about it. He is also a person who cant get things out of his mind when things bother him like when Ward Stradlater goes out with his old girlfriend Jane Gallagher; throughout the novel he thinks about it a lot and wonders how the date went. Holden hates the movies and loves books. Holden behavior while he is in New York going to bars and meeting women he acts like a adult by smoking and drinking, but he is very critical to others that live that kind of lifestyle. It would be rather hard to see myself as Holden or even acting like him even for a day because Im very different from him and Im not as critical towards people as he is. I think it would be difficult to be friends with him because I would always be wondering what he is thinking about me and usually when he does think of someone it is always in a negative way. But still it was easy to identify him because I have friends that are sort of like him and they act the same way.

Characteristics Of Mega Events Criminology Essay

Characteristics Of Mega Events Criminology Essay Mega-events, such as the Olympics, are highly prized by national and civic planners, and simultaneously hold political, economic and cultural happenings Boyle and Haggerty, 2009. They are global spectacles, used by nations to impact directly on urban generation and international standing (Alhert, 2006). Their nature is one that is non-routine, and of limited duration, requiring management of large movements of visitors, co-coordinators, and athletes. Characteristics of mega-events makes them exceptional (Fussey and Coaffee, 2012), demanding organisation and planning that requires significant alteration to the governance of the host city or country. This, and the vulnerability that follows from this, makes them a key target for security practices. The pressures faced by host nations from international committees, such as the International Olympics Committee (hereafter the IOC) plays a significant role on the domestic security arrangements (quote) The appeal of hosting the Olympics is one that invokes inspirational images of athletes competing in idyllic settings (Burbank et al, year). The Summer Olympic Games have been called sport mega-events, because of their scale (Roche, 2009). London 2012 alone saw an extra 260,000 visitors to the capital (The Week, 2012). They are highly visible, deeply symbolic occasions that take place in large cities, combining intensive media coverage with astringent security and surveillance strategies (Boyle and Haggerty, 2009: 257). The exceptional nature of these events requires examination of the threats they face, the worlds counter-terror measures, extensive surveillance technologies, and how these intensified measures are often legitimized in perpetuity as part of the legacy of the games (Coaffee etl, 2011:3314). Further to this, the essay will go on to show how surveillance technologies are subsequently deployed across large swathes of populations, highlighting the prominent point of the public and private sector surveillance. (THIS IS HOW I HAVE ARRANGED THIS ESSAY! WHEN YOU FINISH READING CAN YOU LET ME KNOW IF YOU THINK I SHOULD TALK ABOUT HOW I USED DIFFERENT PHILOSPHERS THEORIES, OR SHALL I JUST KEEP THAT IN THE MAIN BODY?) Traditional Risk Since the end of the Cold War, there has been a shift in national and international threats. Where national borders were considered then to be the primary area to be secured (Quote!), more recently, ballistic missiles have taken a side line to more topical city threats, such as dangerous backpacks on the London Undeground, high-jacked aircrafts and attacks on subways. The way cities are demonised in terrorist rhetoric, for example, means mega-events intersect with a range of complex global processes. ( am I making sense So theres a link between the threats to these cities and then going on to them hosting mega events!) The scale of the Olympics makes them susceptible to these inherent complexities, most notably seen in the terrorist attack on the Israeli national team in the 1972 Munich Olympics. Such events demonstrate to the extremes of societal risks that are observed in their duration. With this said, traditional hazards, such as the adaptation and logistics of mega-events through infrastructure seen in the construction of venues, present external risks, as they alter the urban environment, and have ecological impacts. (Bubank et al, 2002). These risks have moved away from natural hazards towards man-made risks (Beck, 1992), and are ever-present, regardless of political context. New types of Risk Deterritorialization contributes to the global development of the Olympics, which in turn, gives way to global telecommunication, international travel and the migration and passage of goods across borders (Jennings, 2012), all elements that lead to the contagion of risk. This Olympic globalisation has produced a global industry of risk assessment and risk management. In 1996 the Atlanta Olympics saw the Clinton Administration along with his counter-terror team anticipate a plan for a hijacked plane being flown into the main stadium (Clarke, 2004). Post 9/11, the climate of insecurity (Yu et al. 2009: 392) has affected security planning further, and games that are perceived to display a high-risk naturally leads to an advanced security posture, with the planning of London 2012 being the most recent instalment. Some scenarios may seem bizarre and outlandish to a non-security expert (Peter Ryan, 2002), and would be considered unthinkable, for example, UFO invasion on the Olympic Park (Kawash, 1997). For the security officials, considering all scenarios, (check commas please!) however absurd, has now become common practice. The extremity of these scenarios is displayed in the U.S, where most military arguments about the future are an obsession with sci-fi, and a ruined future of a cityscape (Graham, 2010). New innovations, like the Boston Dynamics-built AlphaDog LS ( Rundle, 2012), a robot able to cope with all types of landscapes, reinforce these concerns. The attitude of thinking the unthinkable means even the more extreme precautions are permitted in light of perceived threats. All precautions are seemingly accepted by the public. As technology advances, host nations face growing pressure to meet the challenges presented to them by new forms of security vulnerabilities (Corer, 2012). Cyber-terrorism is one such example of new and growing threats. The 2008 Beijing Olympics was faced with 12 million cyber-attacks per day (Ormsby, 2010). This type of threat to the Olympics illustrates the change in both security and globalisation risks very clearly. Taking note of the 2008 Olympic cyber-attacks, the UK government took on an initiative to introduce new cyber-security plans for the London 2012 games, through IT networks, to help prevent internet crime (Home-Office, 2010). In terms of security risk, there was a conscience effort made to ensure the UK government would not over-regulate and restrict the internet. Further to this, the proliferation of real-time risk management technology, an innovation developed from previous games in Athens and Salt Lake City (Quote) into the 2012 Olympics, demonstrated how the UK con sciously put international efforts in the heart of strategies improving cyber security (Ashford, 2012), which is evidence of a consideration of the globalisation risks and effects. Foucaults position on governance, one generated from the governed rather than imposed by the government ( year)) was seen to reconceptualise the role of government. The Cabinet Office Minister Francis Maude (2012) quoted that the internet has flourished because it has been shaped by its users, not by governments, with this said, focus should be mainly on the network structure of the internet, where the information-sharing groups collectively form a basis for governance (Beresford, 2003). Conceptually, management of these network structures and sharing-groups which lead to cyber terrorism should focus on deterrence, rather than punishment; once the attack has occurred, no legal punishment will suffice. In short, punishment achieves little, and the impacts of cyber terrorist attacks are much worse, due to the difficulty in stopping viruses spreading around the globe. Again, this is a risk born from the effects of globalisation. Counter Terrorism Threats to mega-events are present in different forms, seen in a diverse range of groups that target them. Right-wing extremists were charged with the intent to cause explosions around the Olympic site in Sydney 2000, and ethno-nationalists who attacked the power supply to the opening ceremony in Barcelona 1992 (Fussey and Coaffe, 2012) are just two examples of threats to mega-events that embody an atypical nature. The threat of international terrorism at a mega-event was first seen with a series of aircraft hijackings and continuing onto the 1972 Munich Olympics when Palestinian Militants Killed 11 Israeli athletes, as previously mentioned. This was the first instance where Olympics and Terrorism were linked in popular consciousness (Cottrell, 2009). It was symbolic, in its demonstration of how terrorism is an eminent threat to all major events internationally. Cities bids for the Olympics have had to demonstrate how well they are able to deal with international terrorism in its many forms. Most recently, the bidding team for London 2012 had to project the citys anti-terrorist resilience before the IOC and international audiences. This practice acts also as insurance in gaining support for large security budgets, estimated to be around US$1.7 billion, in addition to new powers of surveillance and social control. In light of London 2012, UK police and local authorities referred to the hosting of the event as the greatest security challenge that the UK has faced since the Second World War (Graham, 2009). Since 9/11, the war on terror has taken front stage and formed a shadow around the world. The security steps that were taken forward to the London Olympics from Athens 2004 and Bejing 2008 promised to be on an unprecedented scale. Several contextual issues were highlighted about the risk of London 2012 being the site of major terrorist incidents. The recognition of London as a world city has bought it to the forefront of tourism, drawing in visitors and terrorists alike, granted for differing reasons (Ghaffur, 2007) (PLEASE CHECK THIS LINE!). The threat of terrorism to London, and the need for Olympic security, was exhibited in a very short space of time; the debate of security for London 2012 began on July 7th 2005, following the London suicide bombings, just a day after London won the Olympic bid. Londons transport system was overcome by four suicide bombers in an attack that killed 52 people (Guardian, 2010). These events were significant in illustrating the vulnerabilities of London and the Olympics to external threats and contingencies. Further to this, the attacks showed the spatial and temporal displacement of terrorism, where attacks do not need to necessarily take place at the time of the event to cause an impact. One of the more unusual aspects of the international side of sport mega-events is that rather than the more well known international terrorism, many groups that do target events have more local socio-political motives, for example the Euzkadi Ta Askatasuna (Reference ETA, year), contrasting to the more evident international element of the games. Such acts cause instability to the usual global security models used to police these events, (Fussey and Coaffee, 2012). The home-grown radicalism that was blamed for the 7/7 bombings in London can be seen as an example of an act with a local socio-political motive, caused by global issues another effect of globalisation which came to global attention, and had a profound effect on the 2012 Games. Security coming home. The Olympic Games of 2004 were an example of the interaction between surveillance and social control. There was intense monitoring in Athens, which saw interconnected networks of electronic surveillance gadgetry that were web-like, in that it spanned out and was able to expand into the whole city, for example through vehicle tracking devices and motion detectors ( Samatas, 2007)THIS IS MY EXAMPLE TO CLARIFY!These forms of control reflect the idea of Panoptican, from the political philosopher Jeremy Bentham (year) which was later advanced conceptually by Foucault (1997), where he stated that in the contemporary service of social control, the state takes on an all-seeing observation role, probing and monitoring the activities of all citizens. Given the existing level of public and private surveillance in the UK, the superpanoptic approach that was piloted in Athens 2004 was easily integrated into the heart of the 2012 Olympics. London has more public and private CCTV cameras than any other city in the world, and through this, the idea of total surveillance became realistic (Reenie, 2008:4). The 2012 mega-event was a stimulus to the process of totalitarian intrusiveness. (SOUND OK?) Policing has the general role of dealing with disorderly conditions in neighbourhoods, and is present in myriad police strategies, ranging from order maintenance to zero tolerance strategies (Eck Maguire, 2006). The work of the police today is very much influenced by the private sectors and cooperations (Boyle paper) and total-security now becomes part of the spectacle of mega-events. London 2012 saw the Metropolitan Police take conscious measures in ensuring their first steps would be to put technological footprints across London. Advancements in CCTV saw new software that was able to integrate all of Londons CCTV cameras, all able to follow individuals around the city (quote.), putting forward this idea of a surveillance ring (Coaffee, 2004) to allow tracking of the movements of traffic and people. Further to new measures being implemented, such as advanced facial and iris recognition software, able to identify suspects and connect multiple crime scenes (Quote), many public transport vehicles, along with the VIP buses that were used in the London games, had been equipped for the authorities to recognise if drivers were acting erratically, a trend often seen in hijacking. Here, however, lay a fundamental question in what act could be deemed as erratic, and what qualifications personnel should have to make such decisions, and control it. All of this fits well with Foucalts early work on governmentality, and how power only exists when put into action (219) and that it is belonging to institutions rather than the individuals that allow the institutions to function. Put simply, measure to prevent certain behaviour leads to the control of individuals. These technologies (can you tell the ones above?) have been used as a medium to exercise the big-brother state. New machinery that is used allows the incorporation of the police/military apparatus in London, under the pretense of keeping the country safe from terrorism (Morgan, 2008). In keeping with public reassurance, it now does matter too much as to whether or not the security systems actually work, but rather what their proclaimed standards are. Work from Oscar Rays (year) has shown that a large amount of money was spent on equipment in Athens, which did not work. What did work, however, was the aftermath of it being used for surveillance in Greek society. These notions were once again observed in 2012, where governments and security-related interest groups often magnified in the public mind the terrorist threat and climate of fear, all in aid of justifying the use of these control strategies that are used to counter anti-social behaviour and danger from other public spaces, and gain support to introduce identity cards that link citizens to a state held database (Coaffe and Murakmi Wood, 2006: 565). As the Olympics are for a limited period, it is assumed that they are only a temporary security zone, lasting for the duration of the games. This, however, is not the case. As these events are now a recognised target for security threats, society now gives leeway to governments, even if these protections transgress from the constraints that are normally accepted by the citizens, as a result of securtization (Waever, 1995). The London Olympics and its security did not exist in isolation, but in a continuum of the increasing state of security and surveillance. Extra powers the state may acquire are often met with scepticism by citizens, in fear they may become permanent. However, these security measures can be concealed in an object that is seen as the norm for such prestigious events, for example the stadium. IS THIS OK LINKS WITH THE NEXT POINT! The architectural methods of Secure by Design (quote) . They also extend to the outer surrounding areas, where explosives may be hidden; litter boxes and drains (Coaffee, 2010). These methods are far from temporary, but this reconfiguration spreads beyond the time of the event under the title of legacy, where counter-terrorism design features are used to embed security in community areas, thus legacy is often used to legitimate broader and more long-term goals. The advantage of many of these regeneration progammes is that they become a catalyst for the transformations of parts of the city, as was seen in London. The official Olympics website (2012) stated that neglected sections of East London would be redesigned into the East Village, a complex designed to be converted into thousands of affordable homes, a community centre, and grounds for local residents to enjoy sports. THIS BIT IS NOT FINISHED! BUT SO FAR IS IT OK? I AM GOING TO GO ON TO EXPLAIN ABOUT ETHNIC CLEANSING PROGRAMMES. ITS GOOD SO FAR, YEAH. These sort of modifications are not temporaryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Military Urbanism- Security Sports have often been linked to the wide discourse of urban growth and regeneration (Schimmel, year!), aiding in a new form of Foucaults Boomerang effect, which has been fuelled by the extending neoliberal globalisation. A form of this affect is the way military and security complexes now try and apply defence-style technologies to the domestic sites of the city. This is mirrored well in light of the Olympics, where high tech security surveillance technology, originally from the battle-field, is now used in mega-events. Military-security complex works in two ways. The first is by implementing direct military-type approaches to security. The failed work of the contractor G4S for London 2012, and the mobilisation of British troops, demonstrated how traditional military approaches will always remain necessary. In this instance, the military were asked to provide an extra 3, 500 troops to guard the London Olympics. These games show that despite new technologies, the Olympic Games continue to appear over-reliant on the armed forces. (Guardian, 2012) The second way is by using the forces of existing military personnel. Working with these approaches does not necessarily mean that one is moving away from the past, ignoring the strength of military practices, but rather adding a contemporary twist to the traditional militaristic and urban transformations (Graham, 2010). These contemporary security strategies work through the blurring of boundaries between military and civilian spheres. With this, there is the entry of military technologies, strategies and logics for the surveillance and control of populations in and around the stadium. London 2012 saw the RAF use drones, carrying laser-guided bombs and missiles, including the Hellfire air-to ground weapons. Urban Militrisation/New Military Urbanism- GLOBALISATION BIT this is keeping with the same subject but globalisation bit. This growing interaction between sports mega events and the military-industry complex also allows analysis to be viewed through the window of globalisation, and marketing. The use of security technologies in mega-events is a multi-billion dollar industry. Lobby groups work hard to convince state leaders into becoming booming homeland security markets, because these markets of technology are growing very rapidly in times of economic decline. These practices allow security companies to pilot and display their exemplary security technologies, in the hope that it will lead to them being transferred into a more routine social environment. This trend was recognised by an analyst for the US-based Security Industry Association: the Olympics not only showcase world-class athletes, they showcase world class security technologies and services from our industry (Bristow, 2008). Israel is one such example. Recognised as the worlds leading participant in the security and surveillance industrial co mplex (Brzezinski, 2004), the countrys long history in dealing with suicide bombers, along with its highly developed and hi-tech economy, gives it the capacity to exploit the climate of fear that surrounds todays major sporting events. With this said, Israels representatives are heavily involved in the planning and facilitation of mega-event security. London 2012 was an example of this as Israeli initiaitves saw aircrafts being used for crowd surveillance, an expertise often used by the Middle Eastern country for population control (Kosmas, 2012). Security companies are not the only organisations that benefit from the Olympics. More international impact is in the form of commercial sponsors, the worlds largest growing form of marketing (IEG Network, 2001). Sponsers are very willing to invest in the games, as they believe the spirit of the spectacle means that spectators are regularly exposed to promotional messages under favourable conditions, where the customers can be relaxed and absorb corporate messages. (Abratt et al, 1987). A by-product of being a sponsor is the ability to temporarily relocate some of the staff to the host nation and allow investments to be made. This is a clear example of globalisation. The paradox here, however, is that once a hallmark is made between the cooperate sponsors and the games, their worldwide officers and staff become targets, which could lead to reluctance to participate. Further to this, the host nations terrorism threat level provides another reason why sponsors may refuse to participate in the events. This causes a massive crossover with countries looking like safe havens of security for a world-wide spectacle. In short, sponsors will be reluctant to participate in events happening anywhere that does not have a high counter-terrorism mechanism. IS THIS ALL OK SO MAYBE SOMEWHERE IN HERE I SHOULD ALSO ADD THAT IS IS THE PRIVATE SECTOR TAKING OVER? WHAT DO YOU THINK?! SO IM TALKING ABOUT SPONSERS HERE AND THE FACT THAT THEY WILL NOT BE WILLING TO PARTICIPATE IN ANYWHERE THEY THINK DOESNT HAVE A HIGH COUNTER TERRORISM MECHANISM! Conclusion NOT COMPLETE AGAIN!! ONLY FIRST PARAGRAPH! Mega-events present a special case for understanding the relationship between large-scale security practices and globalisation. It is an illustration of threats related not only to terrorism, but also to organised crime and political protest (Giuillanotti and Klauser, 2012). Securing the spectacle goes beyond the infrastructure, and into the economic sector, national reputation, and the impact of humans (Coaffee and Johnston, 2007). Cities that host mega-events are now expected to show a strong form of anti-terrorist resilience before international audiences (Boyle and Haggerty, 2009). Long after the event has left, surveillance technologies, urban redevelopment, and other transformations, may all remain in place as security enforced measures that structure, frame, and film everyday social life. Mega-events foster a legacy of knowledge, networks, and habits that have a bearing on the lives of not just those who attend, but the citizens of the city, long after the event. These events also display the invisible and visible security all in one, where the likes of infrastructure have an outward projection of security, through embedded electronic devices, hiding the other form ofà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.cleansing programmes! I ASSUME THIS BIT NEEDS TO BE FINISHED, HAHA. The line between free speech and human rights. Policing the police might take on a role of citizen duty. If the average citizen can be filmed why can the police not? While CCTV is now an every day norm of British society, what is becoming more common is the use of camera phones and social networking. AND THIS BIT! Each mega-event is part of an extensive process, where by the institutions and officials learn and advice on security lessons to their successors. The new hosts hope to improve on their predecessors and each hope to deliver spectacular security (Boyle and Haggerty, 2009), with this comes militarization and coordination that is needed to extend into time and place.

feminaw Feminist Reading of Kate Chopins The Awakening Essay examples

A Feminist Reading of The Awakening The Awakening is not new to me. However, in the class when I read it before the instructor refused to entertain a feminist criticism. The theory presented was that Edna knew what kind of man she was marrying and all these things she went through: her friendship with Madame Reisz leaving the house, entertaining her friends at the party, her situation with Robert and Arobin were all selfish efforts toward the ultimate freedom which is death. I feel Chopin faults Leonce as much as Edna for Edna's problems. He is a cold fish. He is controlling and he puts on a show for friends and neighbors "proving" he is a model husband which he is not. He is Creole and I think Edna, being as reserve as she is, is not the best mate for him. He possibly needs an outwardly passionate woman to keep him interested and alive as a husband. For a Creole he is reserve and he does not know how to respond to Edna's reserve. By the end of chapter V we know the Pontelliers have problems and we know Robert is sympathetic towards Edna merely because she is a woman and he likes women. We have also seen the "ideal" woman in the person of Madame Ragtignolle. Chapter VI is very different. Chopin lets us know that Edna has begun to realize her world and its relationships are less than desirable. She and Leonce don't have a happy, fulfilling marriage. She is not the mother-earth type and can not appreciate her children. Although, some of the problem here is because Leonce undermines her mothering efforts and has done so from the beginning. His mother epitomizes motherhood and no one can measure up. I doubt she would have been a demonstrative mother but she would have been a loving one. The last paragraph of Ch... ... the very end of the story just before Edna enters the ocean for the last time End watches the coast. There is no living thing all along the beach, but there is a bird, a wild free bird, with a broken wing who †was beating the air above, reeling, fluttering, circling disabled down, down to the water .† Even the wild birds need support. End had no support, just like this bird and her fate is the same â€Å"down, down into the water.†I’m hung up on the lack of communication between Edna and Leonce. I wonder if Leonce has a comparable story of misery. In the first several chapters Edna says four lines and they are in response to someone or something else. They are not ideas originating with her. Leonce’s words to Edna are aimed at control. He goes off to the hotel and says he’ll be back whenever This leaves her waiting for his next move, his next demand (request).

Addressing Crime in America in John J. DiIulios Article, Let em Rot E

Addressing Crime in America in John J. DiIulio's Article, Let 'em Rot John J. DiIulio, Jr. writes his article, "Let 'em Rot," in response to the State of the Union Address by President Clinton in January of 1994. In this article he focuses on the continually increasing crime problem in America. DiIulio feels that a change is needed in the way this country handles the punishment and rehabilitation of criminals. He makes a claim of policy that criminals should serve their entire prison sentences. DiIulio asserts, "a prison sentence of X years should mean a prison sentence of X years (truth in sentencing)" (563). He directs his article towards people who are concerned with the crime problem in America, specifically victims of crime and the families of criminals. He also primarily targets people who read the Wall Street Journal and support truth-in-sentencing. Throughout the article, DiIulio's support is primarily based on motivational appeal. He quickly draws interest into the article through the shocking choice of words for his title. He then goes on to provoke readers with the...

5 Year High School

Daniel Kim 12-5-11 Honors English, period 5 High school essay Educators have been recently debating whether or not to extend the four years of high school to five years. They have argued that students need the extra year to have more time to achieve all that is expected of them. Yet, others have argued that the percentage of high school dropouts would increase, because the students would lose interest in their education, and will eventually drop out of high school. Considering all the pros and cons, such as economics, student voice, and curricular plan, sustaining the school year duration of four years would be the most sufficient choice. High schools do have a limited amount of money that is accessible to them. Most schools already struggle to keep the required four years of education in their system. Adding another year would devastate many schools in the United States of America. High schools would have to make major decisions to cut funds in categories such as sports, materials, and hours in a school day. Not to mention that having another whole class of roughly 300 students would require more staff, consequently costing the district more money. Students should have a part in making the decision to either keep the current four-year curriculum, or to extend it to five years. If school boards do decide to extend the duration of high schools without the opinions of high school students themselves, students surely would not just sit quietly about the decision. Four years is plenty of time to achieve what students need to learn in high school. Instead of looking at the decision to increase the duration of high school, educators should be looking at how to increase the efficiency of education throughout the four years of high school. Although adding a whole year of high school would allow teachers more room to teach what they are required to teach, it can also disrupt the smooth flow of education that is being handed to us already. Students who already entered college would be behind a year of education. Educators argued that colleges would like to see high school students develop more in a longer period of time, but having five years of high school would shorten the numbers of students in each class, and when it comes to their senior year, the population would be extremely low. Reviewing the cons of adding another school year to high school, it is clear that educators should not intervene with the current four-year duration of high school. Educators must look at this decision in different perspectives, such as the views of students, because this decision could result in one of the biggest mistakes in education.

Bioplastics

BIOPLASTICS Bioplastics are a form of plastics derived from renewable biomass sources, such as vegetable fats and oils, corn starch, pea starch or microbiota. There are a variety of materials bioplastics that can be composed of, including: starches, cellulose, or other biopolymers. APPLICATIONS OF BIOPLASTICS Biodegradable bioplastics are used for disposable items, such as packaging and catering items (crockery, cutlery, pots, bowls and straws). They are also often used for bags, trays, containers for fruit, vegetables, eggs and meat, bottles for soft drinks and dairy products, and blister foils for fruit and vegetables.Nondisposable applications include mobile phone casings, carpet fibres, and car interiors, fuel line and plastic pipe applications, and new electro active bioplastics are being developed that can be used to carry electrical current. In these areas, the goal is not biodegradability, but to create items from sustainable resources. Medical implants made of PLA, which dis solve in the body, save patients a second operation. Compostable mulch films for agriculture, already often produced from starch polymers, do not have to be collected after use and can be left on the fields.TYPES OF BIOPLASTICS Starch-based plastics: Constituting about 50 percent of the bioplastics market, thermoplastic starch, currently represents the most widely used bioplastic. Pure starch possesses the characteristic of being able to absorb humidity, and is thus being used for the production of drug capsules in the pharmaceutical sector. Flexibiliser and plasticiser such as sorbitol and glycerine are added so the starch can also be processed thermo-plastically.By varying the amounts of these additives, the characteristic of the material can be tailored to specific needs. Simple starch plastic can be made at home. Industrially, starch based bioplastics are often blended with biodegradable polyesters. These blends are no longer biodegradables, but display a lower carbon footprint compared to the corresponding petroleum based plastics. Cellulose-based plastics: Cellulose bioplastics are mainly the cellulose esters, (including cellulose acetate and nitrocellulose) and their derivatives, including celluloid.Polylactic acid (PLA) plastics: Polylactic acid (PLA) is a transparent plastic produced from cane sugar or glucose. It not only resembles conventional petrochemical mass plastics (like PE or PP) in its characteristics, but it can also be processed easily, albeit more expensively, on standard equipment that already exists for the production of conventional plastics. PLA and PLA blends generally come in the form of granulates with various properties, and are used in the plastic processing industry for the production of foil, moulds, cups and bottles.Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB): The biopolymer poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) is polyester produced by certain bacteria processing glucose, corn starch or wastewater. Its characteristics are similar to those of the pet roplastic polypropylene. PHB is distinguished primarily by its physical characteristics. It produces transparent film at a melting point higher than 130 degrees Celsius, and is biodegradable without residue. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA): Polyhydroxyalkanoates are linear polyesters produced in nature by bacterial fermentation of sugar or lipids.They are produced by the bacteria to store carbon and energy. In industrial production, the polyester is extracted and purified from the bacteria by optimizing the conditions for the fermentation of sugar. More than 150 different monomers can be combined within this family to give materials with extremely different properties. PHA is more ductile and less elastic than other plastics, and it is also biodegradable. These plastics are being widely used in the medical industry. Polyamide 11 (PA 11): PA 11 is a biopolymer derived from natural oil.PA 11 belongs to the technical polymers family and is not biodegradable. The emissions of greenhouse gas es and consumption of nonrenewable resources are reduced during its production. Its thermal resistance is also superior to that of PA 12. It is used in high-performance applications like automotive fuel lines, pneumatic airbrake tubing, electrical cable antitermite sheathing, flexible oil and gas pipes, control fluid umbilicals, sports shoes, electronic device components, and catheters. IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT Sustainability:Sustainability is improving the quality of human life while living within the carrying capacity of supporting eco-systems. The production and use of bioplastics is generally regarded as a more sustainable activity when compared with plastic production from petroleum (petroplastic), because it relies less on fossil fuel as a carbon source and also introduces fewer, net-new greenhouse emissions if it biodegrades. They significantly reduce hazardous waste caused by oil-derived plastics, which remain solid for hundreds of years, and open a new era in packing technolog y and industry. Biodegradable:All (bio- and petroleum-based) plastics are technically biodegradable, meaning they can be degraded by microbes under suitable conditions. However many degrade at such slow rates as to be considered non-biodegradable. Some petrochemical-based plastics are considered biodegradable, and may be used as an additive to improve the performance of many commercial bioplastics. The degree of biodegradation varies with temperature, polymer stability, and available oxygen content. Consequently, most bioplastics will only degrade in the tightly controlled conditions of industrial composting units.In compost piles or simply in the soil/water, most bioplastics will not degrade, starch-based bioplastics will, however. A distinction must be made for the term â€Å"compostable†. While â€Å"biodegradable† simply means that an object will biologically disintegrate, compostable specifically demands that the end product has to be humus. So, while a plastic ma y â€Å"biodegrade in a compost site† this does not mean that it will compost in a compost site. ADVANTAGES Bioplastics can be sustainable, carbon neutral and are always renewable, because they are made from plant materials which can be grown indefinitely.These plant materials come from agricultural nonfood crops. Therefore, the use of biopolymers would create a sustainable industry. In contrast, the feedstocks for polymers derived from petrochemicals will eventually deplete. In addition, biopolymers have the potential to cut carbon emissions and reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) quantities in the atmosphere: this is because the CO2 released when they degrade can be reabsorbed by crops grown to replace them: this makes them close to carbon neutral.Some biopolymers are biodegradable: they are broken down into CO2 and water by microorganisms. Some of these biodegradable biopolymers are compostable: they can be put into an industrial composting process and will break down by 90% withi n six months. DISADVANTAGES Bioplastics could have a damaging effect on soil, water usage and quality, and result in higher food prices. Bioplastics are designed to be composted, not recycled. The plant-based material will actually contaminate the recycling process if not separated from conventional plastics such as soda bottles and milk jugs.Home composting may not be an option. Some bioplastics cannot be broken down by the bacteria in our backyards. Polyethylene (PE) made from cane sugar is one example of this. Only bioplastics that are fully biodegradable will break down in a home compost pile, and it could still take up to two years for certain items. The rest require the high heat and humidity of an industrial composting facility. Plants grown for bioplastics have negative impacts of their own.Bioplastics are often produced from genetically modified food crops such as corn, potatoes, and soybeans, a practice that carries a high risk of contaminating our food supply. Also, corn and soybean producers typically apply large amounts of chemical pesticides and fertilizers that pollute our air and water. To compound matters, the growth of the bioplastics and biofuels industries (both of which currently rely on food crops as their raw material) increases the demand for crops, puts pressure on food prices, and increases the impact of agriculture worldwide.